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Battle River water level at Ponoka today

Is the Battle River unusually low at Ponoka?

The Battle River at Ponoka read 0.419 m at .

Level now

in the lowest 5 percent for the date

0.419 m

Provisional

in the lowest 5 percent for the date

0.419 mNormal for the date0.58 m to 1.06 mLowest 0.276 mMedian 0.71 m
The normal range for 26 October is 0.58 m to 1.06 m: the 10th to 90th percentile of the daily averages from 19 October to 2 November in 12 years between 2012 and 2024.
Table: where the water stands
LevelValue
Newest reading0.419 m,
Normal range for the date0.58 m to 1.06 m
Median for the date0.71 m
Lowest in our series0.276 m
Past day
-0.006 m
Past week
+0.016 m

The gauge reads the height of the water above a fixed zero, not the depth of the river.

Level history

in the lowest 10 percent for the date

On the Battle River at Ponoka averaged 0.425 m.

The last 90 days, against the normal range for each day

The last 90 days, against the normal range for each day 0.25 m 0.50 m 0.75 m 1.00 m Lowest 0.276 m 0.425 m
  • Level
  • Below the normal range
  • Normal range for the date
  • Median for the date
  • A year earlier
  • Our record
Daily averages of the Battle River at Ponoka from 28 July 2026 to 25 October 2026, with the normal range for each day and the same days a year earlier.
Table: The last 90 days, against the normal range for each day
DayDaily average (m)Normal rangeMedianA year earlier
no value0.449 m to 0.992 m0.704 mno value
no value0.444 m to 0.989 m0.701 mno value
no value0.442 m to 0.989 m0.699 mno value
no value0.441 m to 0.988 m0.701 mno value
no value0.440 m to 0.987 m0.704 mno value
no value0.439 m to 0.986 m0.702 mno value
no value0.435 m to 0.973 m0.702 mno value
no value0.430 m to 0.965 m0.701 mno value
no value0.424 m to 0.946 m0.701 mno value
no value0.409 m to 0.931 m0.700 mno value
no value0.403 m to 0.918 m0.700 mno value
no value0.398 m to 0.918 m0.699 mno value
no value0.397 m to 0.919 m0.698 mno value
no value0.396 m to 0.930 m0.698 mno value
no value0.394 m to 0.934 m0.698 mno value
no value0.392 m to 0.934 m0.698 mno value
no value0.388 m to 0.929 m0.698 mno value
no value0.383 m to 0.929 m0.698 mno value
no value0.381 m to 0.933 m0.696 mno value
no value0.379 m to 0.935 m0.692 mno value
no value0.378 m to 0.934 m0.690 mno value
no value0.378 m to 0.934 m0.686 mno value
no value0.378 m to 0.935 m0.683 mno value
no value0.378 m to 0.935 m0.683 mno value
no value0.379 m to 0.935 m0.683 mno value
no value0.382 m to 0.935 m0.681 mno value
no value0.390 m to 0.934 m0.678 mno value
no value0.401 m to 0.933 m0.671 mno value
no value0.412 m to 0.932 m0.669 mno value
no value0.429 m to 0.930 m0.667 mno value
no value0.444 m to 0.930 m0.667 mno value
no value0.449 m to 0.933 m0.667 mno value
no value0.452 m to 0.933 m0.667 mno value
no value0.457 m to 0.930 m0.667 mno value
no value0.463 m to 0.927 m0.667 mno value
no value0.463 m to 0.924 m0.667 mno value
no value0.466 m to 0.924 m0.668 mno value
no value0.466 m to 0.915 m0.669 mno value
no value0.463 m to 0.905 m0.672 mno value
no value0.461 m to 0.898 m0.674 mno value
no value0.459 m to 0.898 m0.675 mno value
no value0.456 m to 0.898 m0.678 mno value
no value0.452 m to 0.903 m0.679 mno value
0.433 m0.452 m to 0.905 m0.679 mno value
0.423 m0.449 m to 0.905 m0.686 mno value
0.410 m0.445 m to 0.905 m0.687 mno value
0.407 m0.442 m to 0.905 m0.688 mno value
0.397 m0.439 m to 0.907 m0.689 mno value
0.400 m0.437 m to 0.916 m0.689 mno value
0.387 m0.435 m to 0.916 m0.691 mno value
0.374 m0.434 m to 0.916 m0.699 mno value
0.367 m0.434 m to 0.920 m0.701 mno value
0.361 m0.434 m to 0.931 m0.701 mno value
0.355 m0.434 m to 0.973 m0.701 mno value
0.364 m0.436 m to 0.977 m0.702 mno value
0.329 m0.439 m to 0.977 m0.702 mno value
0.317 m0.443 m to 0.977 m0.705 mno value
0.313 m0.451 m to 0.977 m0.705 mno value
0.308 m0.470 m to 0.978 m0.714 mno value
0.302 m0.476 m to 0.988 m0.730 mno value
0.301 m0.487 m to 0.991 m0.737 mno value
0.303 m0.488 m to 0.993 m0.751 mno value
0.286 m0.490 m to 0.997 m0.755 mno value
0.287 m0.492 m to 1.004 m0.755 mno value
0.287 m0.492 m to 1.008 m0.755 mno value
0.286 m0.492 m to 1.010 m0.755 mno value
0.451 m0.496 m to 1.016 m0.757 mno value
0.408 m0.503 m to 1.016 m0.757 mno value
0.335 m0.508 m to 1.010 m0.758 mno value
0.306 m0.511 m to 1.017 m0.760 mno value
0.297 m0.506 m to 1.046 m0.754 mno value
0.297 m0.506 m to 1.051 m0.758 mno value
0.317 m0.506 m to 1.056 m0.758 mno value
0.336 m0.506 m to 1.062 m0.758 mno value
0.346 m0.506 m to 1.088 m0.756 mno value
0.352 m0.506 m to 1.096 m0.749 mno value
0.354 m0.510 m to 1.099 m0.747 mno value
0.335 m0.515 m to 1.119 m0.744 mno value
0.372 m0.530 m to 1.119 m0.735 mno value
0.378 m0.530 m to 1.094 m0.716 mno value
0.419 m0.530 m to 1.047 m0.700 mno value
0.420 m0.530 m to 1.046 m0.692 mno value
0.407 m0.530 m to 1.046 m0.686 mno value
0.401 m0.530 m to 1.048 m0.690 mno value
0.390 m0.533 m to 1.048 m0.693 mno value
0.391 m0.542 m to 1.048 m0.695 mno value
0.388 m0.548 m to 1.055 m0.696 mno value
0.422 m0.563 m to 1.060 m0.697 mno value
0.427 m0.569 m to 1.061 m0.701 mno value
0.425 m0.573 m to 1.061 m0.705 mno value

The last 12 months, against the normal range for each day

The last 12 months, against the normal range for each day 0.5 m 1.0 m 1.5 m 2.0 m Lowest 0.276 m 0.425 m
  • Level
  • Below the normal range
  • Normal range for the date
  • Median for the date
  • Our record
Daily averages of the Battle River at Ponoka from 25 October 2025 to 25 October 2026, with the normal range for each day.
Table: The last 12 months, against the normal range for each day
DayDaily average (m)Normal rangeMedian
no value0.573 m to 1.061 m0.705 m
no value0.576 m to 1.062 m0.707 m
no value0.580 m to 1.062 m0.709 m
no value0.576 m to 1.061 m0.713 m
no value0.574 m to 1.060 m0.714 m
no value0.573 m to 1.059 m0.717 m
no value0.571 m to 1.056 m0.717 m
no value0.570 m to 1.053 m0.720 m
no value0.570 m to 1.041 m0.721 m
no value0.570 m to 1.059 m0.722 m
no value0.570 m to 1.059 m0.722 m
no value0.570 m to 1.059 m0.721 m
no value0.569 m to 1.058 m0.721 m
no value0.569 m to 1.057 m0.720 m
no value0.567 m to 1.055 m0.719 m
no value0.567 m to 1.005 m0.711 m
no value0.567 m to 0.907 m0.709 m
no value0.567 m to 0.894 m0.707 m
no value0.567 m to 0.886 m0.707 m
no value0.567 m to 0.886 m0.706 m
no value0.564 m to 0.886 m0.700 m
no value0.558 m to 0.886 m0.697 m
no value0.544 m to 0.886 m0.692 m
no value0.537 m to 0.874 m0.687 m
no value0.495 m to 0.861 m0.674 m
no value0.434 m to 0.848 m0.668 m
no value0.433 m to 0.843 m0.661 m
no value0.433 m to 0.841 m0.657 m
no value0.434 m to 0.836 m0.654 m
no value0.434 m to 0.832 m0.653 m
no value0.434 m to 0.829 m0.653 m
no value0.434 m to 0.824 m0.652 m
no value0.434 m to 0.824 m0.650 m
no value0.434 m to 0.824 m0.642 m
no value0.434 m to 0.825 m0.637 m
no value0.434 m to 0.833 m0.636 m
no value0.436 m to 0.855 m0.635 m
no value0.439 m to 0.881 m0.636 m
no value0.440 m to 0.885 m0.636 m
no value0.441 m to 0.886 m0.635 m
no value0.442 m to 0.886 m0.634 m
no value0.444 m to 0.886 m0.634 m
no value0.445 m to 0.886 m0.633 m
no value0.444 m to 0.886 m0.633 m
no value0.445 m to 0.887 m0.632 m
no value0.446 m to 0.887 m0.631 m
no value0.446 m to 0.887 m0.631 m
no value0.444 m to 0.740 m0.621 m
no value0.444 m to 0.740 m0.621 m
no value0.444 m to 0.735 m0.625 m
no value0.447 m to 0.729 m0.631 m
no value0.448 m to 0.726 m0.631 m
no value0.449 m to 0.722 m0.632 m
no value0.450 m to 0.720 m0.633 m
no value0.450 m to 0.719 m0.634 m
no value0.450 m to 0.717 m0.634 m
no value0.450 m to 0.717 m0.634 m
no value0.450 m to 0.714 m0.635 m
no value0.448 m to 0.710 m0.635 m
no value0.447 m to 0.707 m0.635 m
no value0.445 m to 0.705 m0.634 m
no value0.423 m to 0.702 m0.634 m
no value0.415 m to 0.703 m0.632 m
no value0.410 m to 0.701 m0.631 m
no value0.409 m to 0.731 m0.629 m
no value0.407 m to 0.736 m0.629 m
no value0.407 m to 0.741 m0.629 m
no value0.407 m to 0.978 m0.630 m
no value0.408 m to 0.978 m0.630 m
no value0.408 m to 0.978 m0.629 m
no value0.408 m to 0.978 m0.629 m
no value0.409 m to 0.978 m0.629 m
no value0.414 m to 0.743 m0.631 m
no value0.414 m to 0.739 m0.631 m
no value0.414 m to 0.736 m0.632 m
no value0.414 m to 0.732 m0.634 m
no value0.415 m to 0.718 m0.636 m
no value0.416 m to 0.718 m0.637 m
no value0.416 m to 0.718 m0.642 m
no value0.416 m to 0.713 m0.644 m
no value0.416 m to 0.713 m0.644 m
no value0.415 m to 0.713 m0.646 m
no value0.414 m to 0.713 m0.647 m
no value0.414 m to 0.713 m0.649 m
no value0.413 m to 0.718 m0.649 m
no value0.413 m to 0.720 m0.651 m
no value0.413 m to 0.725 m0.653 m
no value0.413 m to 0.725 m0.655 m
no value0.413 m to 0.726 m0.656 m
no value0.418 m to 0.726 m0.656 m
no value0.427 m to 0.726 m0.656 m
no value0.429 m to 0.731 m0.657 m
no value0.431 m to 0.731 m0.657 m
no value0.433 m to 0.731 m0.657 m
no value0.433 m to 0.731 m0.657 m
no value0.433 m to 0.731 m0.657 m
no value0.434 m to 0.731 m0.657 m
no value0.435 m to 0.731 m0.657 m
no value0.438 m to 0.741 m0.657 m
no value0.438 m to 0.772 m0.658 m
no value0.440 m to 0.772 m0.657 m
no value0.441 m to 0.772 m0.657 m
no value0.443 m to 0.780 m0.657 m
no value0.445 m to 0.780 m0.658 m
no value0.447 m to 0.780 m0.658 m
no value0.448 m to 0.780 m0.658 m
no value0.450 m to 0.780 m0.658 m
no value0.455 m to 0.755 m0.657 m
no value0.456 m to 0.783 m0.658 m
no value0.459 m to 0.803 m0.657 m
no value0.466 m to 0.816 m0.657 m
no value0.468 m to 0.871 m0.659 m
no value0.472 m to 0.940 m0.660 m
no value0.474 m to 0.962 m0.659 m
no value0.476 m to 0.964 m0.658 m
no value0.482 m to 0.964 m0.658 m
no value0.483 m to 0.964 m0.658 m
no value0.483 m to 0.964 m0.659 m
no value0.484 m to 0.964 m0.659 m
no value0.483 m to 0.964 m0.664 m
no value0.482 m to 0.964 m0.661 m
no value0.482 m to 0.964 m0.659 m
no value0.482 m to 0.964 m0.657 m
no value0.482 m to 0.964 m0.655 m
no value0.482 m to 0.964 m0.655 m
no value0.482 m to 0.964 m0.657 m
no value0.485 m to 0.960 m0.661 m
no value0.498 m to 0.960 m0.665 m
no value0.512 m to 0.959 m0.665 m
no value0.520 m to 0.957 m0.666 m
no value0.529 m to 0.957 m0.666 m
no value0.529 m to 0.959 m0.666 m
no value0.542 m to 0.960 m0.681 m
no value0.542 m to 0.966 m0.683 m
no value0.542 m to 0.970 m0.688 m
no value0.542 m to 0.972 m0.702 m
no value0.542 m to 0.974 m0.709 m
no value0.542 m to 0.975 m0.716 m
no value0.542 m to 0.980 m0.719 m
no value0.543 m to 1.012 m0.722 m
no value0.543 m to 1.027 m0.737 m
no value0.543 m to 1.045 m0.771 m
no value0.544 m to 1.073 m0.784 m
no value0.555 m to 1.167 m0.797 m
no value0.555 m to 1.215 m0.815 m
no value0.559 m to 1.257 m0.826 m
no value0.599 m to 1.392 m0.827 m
no value0.622 m to 1.444 m0.829 m
no value0.659 m to 1.558 m0.840 m
no value0.679 m to 1.570 m0.845 m
no value0.686 m to 1.620 m0.857 m
no value0.678 m to 1.630 m0.863 m
no value0.673 m to 1.638 m0.888 m
no value0.670 m to 1.630 m0.917 m
no value0.670 m to 1.630 m0.917 m
no value0.670 m to 1.630 m0.903 m
no value0.670 m to 1.630 m0.888 m
no value0.664 m to 1.623 m0.871 m
no value0.662 m to 1.591 m0.868 m
no value0.662 m to 1.573 m0.868 m
no value0.662 m to 1.556 m0.869 m
no value0.662 m to 1.461 m0.865 m
no value0.662 m to 1.434 m0.861 m
no value0.660 m to 1.384 m0.857 m
no value0.650 m to 1.349 m0.853 m
no value0.648 m to 1.301 m0.853 m
no value0.641 m to 1.250 m0.856 m
no value0.634 m to 1.295 m0.853 m
no value0.633 m to 1.308 m0.846 m
no value0.632 m to 1.417 m0.840 m
no value0.628 m to 1.457 m0.838 m
no value0.626 m to 1.547 m0.832 m
no value0.615 m to 1.641 m0.825 m
no value0.606 m to 1.769 m0.825 m
no value0.598 m to 1.846 m0.825 m
no value0.597 m to 1.969 m0.806 m
no value0.591 m to 1.969 m0.799 m
no value0.588 m to 1.846 m0.799 m
no value0.586 m to 1.793 m0.791 m
no value0.583 m to 1.769 m0.784 m
no value0.581 m to 1.768 m0.780 m
no value0.578 m to 1.740 m0.779 m
no value0.575 m to 1.686 m0.767 m
no value0.574 m to 1.641 m0.766 m
no value0.560 m to 1.550 m0.766 m
no value0.548 m to 1.436 m0.766 m
no value0.541 m to 1.346 m0.762 m
no value0.541 m to 1.255 m0.765 m
no value0.544 m to 1.181 m0.757 m
no value0.544 m to 1.131 m0.753 m
no value0.541 m to 1.118 m0.749 m
no value0.530 m to 1.076 m0.733 m
no value0.522 m to 1.056 m0.729 m
no value0.517 m to 1.028 m0.727 m
no value0.506 m to 1.008 m0.727 m
no value0.500 m to 0.985 m0.726 m
no value0.498 m to 0.957 m0.725 m
no value0.495 m to 0.942 m0.717 m
no value0.495 m to 0.938 m0.716 m
no value0.492 m to 0.934 m0.712 m
no value0.492 m to 0.919 m0.709 m
no value0.492 m to 0.911 m0.705 m
no value0.492 m to 0.901 m0.701 m
no value0.492 m to 0.901 m0.700 m
no value0.492 m to 0.902 m0.698 m
no value0.492 m to 0.902 m0.697 m
no value0.482 m to 0.902 m0.696 m
no value0.479 m to 0.918 m0.695 m
no value0.468 m to 0.935 m0.693 m
no value0.458 m to 0.935 m0.696 m
no value0.454 m to 0.937 m0.696 m
no value0.444 m to 0.952 m0.696 m
no value0.437 m to 0.957 m0.696 m
no value0.426 m to 0.957 m0.696 m
no value0.416 m to 0.953 m0.695 m
no value0.408 m to 0.945 m0.693 m
no value0.406 m to 0.938 m0.697 m
no value0.405 m to 0.937 m0.697 m
no value0.405 m to 0.934 m0.694 m
no value0.405 m to 0.931 m0.690 m
no value0.405 m to 0.931 m0.686 m
no value0.400 m to 0.927 m0.682 m
no value0.400 m to 0.922 m0.675 m
no value0.400 m to 0.917 m0.677 m
no value0.400 m to 0.914 m0.677 m
no value0.398 m to 0.901 m0.666 m
no value0.400 m to 0.896 m0.668 m
no value0.405 m to 0.896 m0.669 m
no value0.412 m to 0.899 m0.670 m
no value0.415 m to 0.900 m0.672 m
no value0.420 m to 0.904 m0.673 m
no value0.423 m to 0.910 m0.676 m
no value0.450 m to 0.910 m0.677 m
no value0.478 m to 0.910 m0.677 m
no value0.494 m to 0.909 m0.684 m
no value0.506 m to 0.909 m0.690 m
no value0.517 m to 0.909 m0.690 m
no value0.525 m to 0.899 m0.690 m
no value0.536 m to 0.897 m0.690 m
no value0.538 m to 0.897 m0.686 m
no value0.538 m to 0.908 m0.684 m
no value0.536 m to 0.907 m0.681 m
no value0.536 m to 0.896 m0.676 m
no value0.535 m to 0.895 m0.675 m
no value0.532 m to 0.893 m0.672 m
no value0.528 m to 0.882 m0.668 m
no value0.527 m to 0.874 m0.668 m
no value0.526 m to 0.874 m0.667 m
no value0.525 m to 0.889 m0.664 m
no value0.521 m to 0.844 m0.648 m
no value0.509 m to 0.854 m0.647 m
no value0.505 m to 0.856 m0.644 m
no value0.499 m to 0.862 m0.643 m
no value0.493 m to 0.862 m0.642 m
no value0.489 m to 0.866 m0.639 m
no value0.488 m to 0.871 m0.634 m
no value0.488 m to 0.929 m0.632 m
no value0.489 m to 0.949 m0.633 m
no value0.491 m to 1.006 m0.639 m
no value0.489 m to 1.026 m0.639 m
no value0.484 m to 1.026 m0.636 m
no value0.481 m to 1.026 m0.633 m
no value0.463 m to 1.026 m0.631 m
no value0.458 m to 1.026 m0.629 m
no value0.452 m to 1.026 m0.629 m
no value0.447 m to 1.026 m0.631 m
no value0.447 m to 1.028 m0.636 m
no value0.447 m to 1.039 m0.640 m
no value0.447 m to 1.042 m0.645 m
no value0.447 m to 1.039 m0.651 m
no value0.447 m to 1.028 m0.660 m
no value0.447 m to 1.027 m0.681 m
no value0.447 m to 1.020 m0.684 m
no value0.447 m to 1.010 m0.684 m
no value0.449 m to 1.000 m0.706 m
no value0.449 m to 0.994 m0.706 m
no value0.449 m to 0.992 m0.704 m
no value0.444 m to 0.989 m0.701 m
no value0.442 m to 0.989 m0.699 m
no value0.441 m to 0.988 m0.701 m
no value0.440 m to 0.987 m0.704 m
no value0.439 m to 0.986 m0.702 m
no value0.435 m to 0.973 m0.702 m
no value0.430 m to 0.965 m0.701 m
no value0.424 m to 0.946 m0.701 m
no value0.409 m to 0.931 m0.700 m
no value0.403 m to 0.918 m0.700 m
no value0.398 m to 0.918 m0.699 m
no value0.397 m to 0.919 m0.698 m
no value0.396 m to 0.930 m0.698 m
no value0.394 m to 0.934 m0.698 m
no value0.392 m to 0.934 m0.698 m
no value0.388 m to 0.929 m0.698 m
no value0.383 m to 0.929 m0.698 m
no value0.381 m to 0.933 m0.696 m
no value0.379 m to 0.935 m0.692 m
no value0.378 m to 0.934 m0.690 m
no value0.378 m to 0.934 m0.686 m
no value0.378 m to 0.935 m0.683 m
no value0.378 m to 0.935 m0.683 m
no value0.379 m to 0.935 m0.683 m
no value0.382 m to 0.935 m0.681 m
no value0.390 m to 0.934 m0.678 m
no value0.401 m to 0.933 m0.671 m
no value0.412 m to 0.932 m0.669 m
no value0.429 m to 0.930 m0.667 m
no value0.444 m to 0.930 m0.667 m
no value0.449 m to 0.933 m0.667 m
no value0.452 m to 0.933 m0.667 m
no value0.457 m to 0.930 m0.667 m
no value0.463 m to 0.927 m0.667 m
no value0.463 m to 0.924 m0.667 m
no value0.466 m to 0.924 m0.668 m
no value0.466 m to 0.915 m0.669 m
no value0.463 m to 0.905 m0.672 m
no value0.461 m to 0.898 m0.674 m
no value0.459 m to 0.898 m0.675 m
no value0.456 m to 0.898 m0.678 m
no value0.452 m to 0.903 m0.679 m
0.433 m0.452 m to 0.905 m0.679 m
0.423 m0.449 m to 0.905 m0.686 m
0.410 m0.445 m to 0.905 m0.687 m
0.407 m0.442 m to 0.905 m0.688 m
0.397 m0.439 m to 0.907 m0.689 m
0.400 m0.437 m to 0.916 m0.689 m
0.387 m0.435 m to 0.916 m0.691 m
0.374 m0.434 m to 0.916 m0.699 m
0.367 m0.434 m to 0.920 m0.701 m
0.361 m0.434 m to 0.931 m0.701 m
0.355 m0.434 m to 0.973 m0.701 m
0.364 m0.436 m to 0.977 m0.702 m
0.329 m0.439 m to 0.977 m0.702 m
0.317 m0.443 m to 0.977 m0.705 m
0.313 m0.451 m to 0.977 m0.705 m
0.308 m0.470 m to 0.978 m0.714 m
0.302 m0.476 m to 0.988 m0.730 m
0.301 m0.487 m to 0.991 m0.737 m
0.303 m0.488 m to 0.993 m0.751 m
0.286 m0.490 m to 0.997 m0.755 m
0.287 m0.492 m to 1.004 m0.755 m
0.287 m0.492 m to 1.008 m0.755 m
0.286 m0.492 m to 1.010 m0.755 m
0.451 m0.496 m to 1.016 m0.757 m
0.408 m0.503 m to 1.016 m0.757 m
0.335 m0.508 m to 1.010 m0.758 m
0.306 m0.511 m to 1.017 m0.760 m
0.297 m0.506 m to 1.046 m0.754 m
0.297 m0.506 m to 1.051 m0.758 m
0.317 m0.506 m to 1.056 m0.758 m
0.336 m0.506 m to 1.062 m0.758 m
0.346 m0.506 m to 1.088 m0.756 m
0.352 m0.506 m to 1.096 m0.749 m
0.354 m0.510 m to 1.099 m0.747 m
0.335 m0.515 m to 1.119 m0.744 m
0.372 m0.530 m to 1.119 m0.735 m
0.378 m0.530 m to 1.094 m0.716 m
0.419 m0.530 m to 1.047 m0.700 m
0.420 m0.530 m to 1.046 m0.692 m
0.407 m0.530 m to 1.046 m0.686 m
0.401 m0.530 m to 1.048 m0.690 m
0.390 m0.533 m to 1.048 m0.693 m
0.391 m0.542 m to 1.048 m0.695 m
0.388 m0.548 m to 1.055 m0.696 m
0.422 m0.563 m to 1.060 m0.697 m
0.427 m0.569 m to 1.061 m0.701 m
0.425 m0.573 m to 1.061 m0.705 m

The last 10 years, weekly averages

The last 10 years, weekly averages 1 m 2 m Lowest 0.276 m 0.406 m
  • Level
  • Our record
Weekly averages of the Battle River at Ponoka from the week of 24 October 2016 to 25 October 2026.
Table: The last 10 years, weekly averages
Week startingWeekly average (m)
1.115 m
0.939 m
0.711 m
0.662 m
0.677 m
0.636 m
0.561 m
0.547 m
0.657 m
0.652 m
0.626 m
0.622 m
0.647 m
0.663 m
0.621 m
0.599 m
0.737 m
1.068 m
0.857 m
0.663 m
0.707 m
1.122 m
2.113 m
1.236 m
0.991 m
0.901 m
0.889 m
0.799 m
0.739 m
0.722 m
0.812 m
0.740 m
0.718 m
0.777 m
0.659 m
0.604 m
0.611 m
0.601 m
0.620 m
0.636 m
0.652 m
0.676 m
0.618 m
0.594 m
0.562 m
0.499 m
0.577 m
0.633 m
0.686 m
0.723 m
0.721 m
0.696 m
0.729 m
0.731 m
0.704 m
0.653 m
0.578 m
0.542 m
0.544 m
0.535 m
0.538 m
0.473 m
0.527 m
0.631 m
0.682 m
0.703 m
0.504 m
0.445 m
0.511 m
0.502 m
0.643 m
0.760 m
0.749 m
0.866 m
0.767 m
0.769 m
0.838 m
2.088 m
1.811 m
0.957 m
0.796 m
0.715 m
0.658 m
0.615 m
0.602 m
0.667 m
0.561 m
0.554 m
0.566 m
0.549 m
0.576 m
0.580 m
0.565 m
0.554 m
0.580 m
0.573 m
0.612 m
0.609 m
0.647 m
0.728 m
0.824 m
0.812 m
0.764 m
0.756 m
0.733 m
0.750 m
0.745 m
0.734 m
0.757 m
0.737 m
0.739 m
0.719 m
0.704 m
0.697 m
0.695 m
0.699 m
0.689 m
0.691 m
0.701 m
0.679 m
0.660 m
0.664 m
0.659 m
0.631 m
0.693 m
0.978 m
1.800 m
1.308 m
0.877 m
0.770 m
0.712 m
0.690 m
0.699 m
0.738 m
0.716 m
0.680 m
0.607 m
0.654 m
0.650 m
0.714 m
0.668 m
0.626 m
0.835 m
0.903 m
0.807 m
0.753 m
0.742 m
0.729 m
0.746 m
0.773 m
0.834 m
0.871 m
0.880 m
0.987 m
no value
no value
no value
1.062 m
1.059 m
1.069 m
1.082 m
1.059 m
1.025 m
1.025 m
1.023 m
1.015 m
1.009 m
1.003 m
0.975 m
0.979 m
0.975 m
0.976 m
0.972 m
0.965 m
0.959 m
0.967 m
0.973 m
0.982 m
0.997 m
1.010 m
1.037 m
1.494 m
2.093 m
1.108 m
1.047 m
0.935 m
1.001 m
1.080 m
0.899 m
0.914 m
0.952 m
0.842 m
1.107 m
1.145 m
1.050 m
0.999 m
0.999 m
0.999 m
1.039 m
0.951 m
0.927 m
0.869 m
0.809 m
0.739 m
0.752 m
0.742 m
0.793 m
0.866 m
0.875 m
0.894 m
0.861 m
0.845 m
0.819 m
0.816 m
0.854 m
0.875 m
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
0.736 m
0.767 m
0.866 m
1.047 m
0.955 m
0.834 m
0.777 m
0.704 m
0.752 m
0.705 m
0.744 m
0.887 m
0.935 m
0.867 m
0.721 m
0.751 m
0.724 m
0.629 m
0.506 m
0.696 m
0.591 m
0.510 m
0.503 m
0.445 m
0.363 m
0.345 m
0.611 m
0.527 m
0.501 m
0.458 m
0.514 m
0.574 m
0.540 m
0.586 m
0.597 m
0.615 m
0.575 m
0.567 m
0.588 m
0.545 m
0.552 m
0.577 m
0.523 m
0.531 m
0.531 m
no value
no value
no value
0.505 m
no value
0.575 m
0.721 m
0.600 m
0.548 m
0.547 m
0.741 m
1.564 m
1.259 m
0.940 m
0.641 m
0.583 m
0.626 m
0.589 m
0.537 m
0.568 m
0.600 m
0.534 m
0.500 m
0.833 m
0.972 m
1.095 m
no value
no value
0.807 m
0.697 m
0.757 m
0.681 m
0.627 m
0.552 m
0.501 m
0.466 m
0.435 m
0.490 m
0.512 m
0.538 m
0.550 m
0.583 m
0.610 m
0.633 m
0.631 m
0.624 m
0.447 m
0.432 m
0.419 m
0.419 m
0.407 m
0.403 m
0.406 m
0.413 m
0.410 m
0.425 m
0.435 m
0.442 m
0.456 m
0.478 m
0.466 m
0.453 m
0.448 m
0.460 m
0.454 m
0.594 m
0.799 m
0.590 m
0.507 m
0.448 m
0.469 m
0.453 m
0.388 m
0.343 m
0.286 m
0.404 m
0.726 m
0.509 m
0.474 m
0.430 m
0.441 m
0.426 m
0.400 m
0.389 m
0.383 m
0.428 m
0.452 m
0.435 m
0.389 m
0.330 m
0.357 m
0.428 m
0.429 m
0.409 m
0.420 m
0.439 m
0.437 m
0.429 m
0.423 m
0.440 m
0.448 m
0.456 m
0.469 m
0.507 m
0.549 m
0.457 m
0.435 m
0.422 m
0.578 m
0.700 m
0.626 m
0.615 m
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
0.434 m
0.482 m
0.523 m
0.546 m
0.537 m
0.496 m
0.467 m
0.434 m
0.478 m
0.475 m
0.425 m
0.381 m
0.449 m
0.637 m
0.708 m
0.676 m
0.713 m
0.756 m
0.666 m
0.626 m
0.691 m
0.680 m
0.706 m
0.707 m
0.678 m
0.656 m
0.652 m
0.680 m
0.666 m
0.658 m
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
0.414 m
0.373 m
0.310 m
0.334 m
0.322 m
0.384 m
0.406 m

The whole record since 2012, weekly averages

The whole record since 2012, weekly averages 1 m 2 m Lowest 0.276 m 0.406 m
  • Level
  • Our record
Weekly averages of the Battle River at Ponoka from 1 January 2012 to 25 October 2026.
Table: The whole record since 2012, weekly averages
Week startingWeekly average (m)
no value
0.702 m
0.705 m
0.684 m
0.642 m
0.672 m
0.662 m
0.676 m
0.659 m
0.678 m
0.704 m
0.802 m
0.887 m
1.120 m
1.284 m
0.900 m
0.892 m
0.809 m
0.835 m
0.790 m
0.672 m
0.694 m
0.591 m
0.619 m
0.958 m
0.821 m
0.646 m
0.661 m
0.596 m
0.758 m
0.903 m
0.873 m
0.877 m
0.816 m
0.737 m
0.650 m
0.675 m
0.710 m
0.696 m
0.652 m
0.744 m
0.643 m
0.620 m
0.690 m
0.697 m
0.691 m
0.648 m
0.654 m
0.655 m
0.648 m
0.649 m
0.638 m
0.630 m
0.631 m
0.643 m
0.667 m
0.693 m
0.675 m
0.683 m
0.687 m
0.693 m
0.700 m
0.709 m
0.717 m
0.718 m
0.735 m
1.180 m
1.179 m
1.227 m
1.122 m
0.926 m
0.737 m
0.649 m
0.665 m
0.954 m
0.865 m
0.726 m
0.738 m
0.736 m
0.675 m
0.699 m
0.964 m
1.061 m
0.926 m
0.805 m
0.864 m
0.722 m
0.737 m
0.680 m
0.684 m
0.687 m
0.746 m
0.787 m
0.811 m
0.625 m
0.615 m
0.629 m
0.722 m
0.693 m
0.642 m
0.632 m
0.623 m
0.631 m
0.639 m
0.647 m
0.673 m
0.662 m
0.657 m
0.656 m
0.637 m
0.598 m
0.560 m
0.549 m
0.568 m
0.567 m
0.653 m
0.756 m
0.734 m
0.681 m
1.484 m
2.104 m
1.666 m
1.206 m
0.943 m
0.774 m
0.715 m
0.768 m
0.783 m
0.681 m
0.690 m
0.714 m
0.796 m
0.683 m
0.592 m
0.696 m
0.796 m
0.701 m
0.703 m
0.681 m
0.748 m
0.750 m
0.860 m
0.880 m
0.966 m
1.037 m
1.082 m
1.028 m
1.045 m
1.065 m
0.850 m
0.875 m
0.703 m
0.560 m
0.546 m
0.573 m
0.571 m
0.577 m
0.591 m
0.612 m
0.630 m
0.644 m
0.690 m
0.677 m
0.683 m
0.669 m
0.693 m
0.649 m
1.132 m
1.630 m
1.195 m
1.074 m
0.775 m
0.676 m
0.623 m
0.610 m
0.554 m
0.516 m
0.520 m
0.449 m
0.409 m
0.449 m
0.566 m
0.628 m
0.639 m
0.570 m
0.672 m
0.644 m
0.676 m
0.680 m
0.702 m
0.774 m
0.810 m
0.825 m
0.798 m
0.871 m
0.912 m
0.835 m
0.949 m
0.950 m
0.685 m
0.722 m
0.766 m
0.777 m
0.747 m
0.698 m
0.689 m
0.700 m
0.695 m
0.663 m
0.628 m
0.586 m
0.630 m
0.634 m
0.647 m
0.656 m
0.660 m
0.658 m
0.647 m
0.661 m
0.779 m
0.902 m
0.765 m
0.805 m
0.665 m
0.609 m
0.613 m
0.595 m
0.566 m
0.501 m
0.534 m
0.898 m
0.828 m
0.628 m
0.731 m
0.683 m
0.863 m
0.770 m
0.951 m
1.029 m
0.953 m
0.727 m
0.884 m
0.923 m
0.970 m
0.984 m
1.025 m
1.080 m
1.079 m
0.853 m
1.167 m
1.211 m
1.158 m
1.115 m
0.939 m
0.711 m
0.662 m
0.677 m
0.636 m
0.561 m
0.547 m
0.657 m
0.652 m
0.626 m
0.622 m
0.647 m
0.663 m
0.621 m
0.599 m
0.737 m
1.068 m
0.857 m
0.663 m
0.707 m
1.122 m
2.113 m
1.236 m
0.991 m
0.901 m
0.889 m
0.799 m
0.739 m
0.722 m
0.812 m
0.740 m
0.718 m
0.777 m
0.659 m
0.604 m
0.611 m
0.601 m
0.620 m
0.636 m
0.652 m
0.676 m
0.618 m
0.594 m
0.562 m
0.499 m
0.577 m
0.633 m
0.686 m
0.723 m
0.721 m
0.696 m
0.729 m
0.731 m
0.704 m
0.653 m
0.578 m
0.542 m
0.544 m
0.535 m
0.538 m
0.473 m
0.527 m
0.631 m
0.682 m
0.703 m
0.504 m
0.445 m
0.511 m
0.502 m
0.643 m
0.760 m
0.749 m
0.866 m
0.767 m
0.769 m
0.838 m
2.088 m
1.811 m
0.957 m
0.796 m
0.715 m
0.658 m
0.615 m
0.602 m
0.667 m
0.561 m
0.554 m
0.566 m
0.549 m
0.576 m
0.580 m
0.565 m
0.554 m
0.580 m
0.573 m
0.612 m
0.609 m
0.647 m
0.728 m
0.824 m
0.812 m
0.764 m
0.756 m
0.733 m
0.750 m
0.745 m
0.734 m
0.757 m
0.737 m
0.739 m
0.719 m
0.704 m
0.697 m
0.695 m
0.699 m
0.689 m
0.691 m
0.701 m
0.679 m
0.660 m
0.664 m
0.659 m
0.631 m
0.693 m
0.978 m
1.800 m
1.308 m
0.877 m
0.770 m
0.712 m
0.690 m
0.699 m
0.738 m
0.716 m
0.680 m
0.607 m
0.654 m
0.650 m
0.714 m
0.668 m
0.626 m
0.835 m
0.903 m
0.807 m
0.753 m
0.742 m
0.729 m
0.746 m
0.773 m
0.834 m
0.871 m
0.880 m
0.987 m
no value
no value
no value
1.062 m
1.059 m
1.069 m
1.082 m
1.059 m
1.025 m
1.025 m
1.023 m
1.015 m
1.009 m
1.003 m
0.975 m
0.979 m
0.975 m
0.976 m
0.972 m
0.965 m
0.959 m
0.967 m
0.973 m
0.982 m
0.997 m
1.010 m
1.037 m
1.494 m
2.093 m
1.108 m
1.047 m
0.935 m
1.001 m
1.080 m
0.899 m
0.914 m
0.952 m
0.842 m
1.107 m
1.145 m
1.050 m
0.999 m
0.999 m
0.999 m
1.039 m
0.951 m
0.927 m
0.869 m
0.809 m
0.739 m
0.752 m
0.742 m
0.793 m
0.866 m
0.875 m
0.894 m
0.861 m
0.845 m
0.819 m
0.816 m
0.854 m
0.875 m
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
0.736 m
0.767 m
0.866 m
1.047 m
0.955 m
0.834 m
0.777 m
0.704 m
0.752 m
0.705 m
0.744 m
0.887 m
0.935 m
0.867 m
0.721 m
0.751 m
0.724 m
0.629 m
0.506 m
0.696 m
0.591 m
0.510 m
0.503 m
0.445 m
0.363 m
0.345 m
0.611 m
0.527 m
0.501 m
0.458 m
0.514 m
0.574 m
0.540 m
0.586 m
0.597 m
0.615 m
0.575 m
0.567 m
0.588 m
0.545 m
0.552 m
0.577 m
0.523 m
0.531 m
0.531 m
no value
no value
no value
0.505 m
no value
0.575 m
0.721 m
0.600 m
0.548 m
0.547 m
0.741 m
1.564 m
1.259 m
0.940 m
0.641 m
0.583 m
0.626 m
0.589 m
0.537 m
0.568 m
0.600 m
0.534 m
0.500 m
0.833 m
0.972 m
1.095 m
no value
no value
0.807 m
0.697 m
0.757 m
0.681 m
0.627 m
0.552 m
0.501 m
0.466 m
0.435 m
0.490 m
0.512 m
0.538 m
0.550 m
0.583 m
0.610 m
0.633 m
0.631 m
0.624 m
0.447 m
0.432 m
0.419 m
0.419 m
0.407 m
0.403 m
0.406 m
0.413 m
0.410 m
0.425 m
0.435 m
0.442 m
0.456 m
0.478 m
0.466 m
0.453 m
0.448 m
0.460 m
0.454 m
0.594 m
0.799 m
0.590 m
0.507 m
0.448 m
0.469 m
0.453 m
0.388 m
0.343 m
0.286 m
0.404 m
0.726 m
0.509 m
0.474 m
0.430 m
0.441 m
0.426 m
0.400 m
0.389 m
0.383 m
0.428 m
0.452 m
0.435 m
0.389 m
0.330 m
0.357 m
0.428 m
0.429 m
0.409 m
0.420 m
0.439 m
0.437 m
0.429 m
0.423 m
0.440 m
0.448 m
0.456 m
0.469 m
0.507 m
0.549 m
0.457 m
0.435 m
0.422 m
0.578 m
0.700 m
0.626 m
0.615 m
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
0.434 m
0.482 m
0.523 m
0.546 m
0.537 m
0.496 m
0.467 m
0.434 m
0.478 m
0.475 m
0.425 m
0.381 m
0.449 m
0.637 m
0.708 m
0.676 m
0.713 m
0.756 m
0.666 m
0.626 m
0.691 m
0.680 m
0.706 m
0.707 m
0.678 m
0.656 m
0.652 m
0.680 m
0.666 m
0.658 m
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
no value
0.414 m
0.373 m
0.310 m
0.334 m
0.322 m
0.384 m
0.406 m

How this compares

  • The daily average on 25 October 2026 was 0.425 m, the second lowest for 25 October in 13 years of record (2012 to 2026). The newest value is provisional.
  • So far in 2026 the daily average was below the normal range on 48 of 48 days, the second most of the 14 years counted from 2012 to 2026.

Same date in past years

25 October in the last 10 years

DayLevelAgainst the normal range for the date
no value
0.714 m
0.418 m
0.606 m
0.621 m
0.851 m
no value
0.731 m
0.705 m
1.13 m

Year by year

The lowest and highest daily average of each year

The lowest and highest daily average of each year 1 m 2 m 3 m Highest 3.074 m, 2014 Lowest 0.276 m, 2023
  • Each year, lowest to highest
  • The year so far
  • Lowest in our series
  • Highest in our series
The lowest and highest daily average of the Battle River at Ponoka in each year from 2012 to 2023 with a value on at least 300 days, and in 2026 so far. The lowest daily average in our series since 1 January 2012 was 0.276 m, on 8 June 2023. The highest was 3.074 m, on 14 April 2014.
Table: The lowest and highest daily average of each year
YearLowest daily average (m)DayHighest daily average (m)DayDays with a value
0.505 m1.836 m360
0.53 m1.454 m365
0.54 m3.074 m365
0.393 m1.935 m365
0.429 m1.277 m366
0.352 m2.707 m363
0.326 m2.79 m365
0.551 m2.176 m345
0.691 m3.022 m347
0.319 m1.09 m312
0.394 m1.718 m323
0.276 m0.869 m365
so far, provisional0.286 m0.451 m47

Each year from January to December, weekly averages

Each year from January to December, weekly averages 1 m 2 m 2014, highest day 2023, lowest day 2026 so far
  • The year so far
  • Year of the lowest day in our series
  • Year of the highest day in our series
  • Other years
  • Normal range for the week
The weekly averages of the Battle River at Ponoka in each year from 2012 to 2024 with a value in at least 26 weeks, and in 2026 so far, on one axis from January to December, with the normal range for each week. The lowest daily average in our series since 1 January 2012 was in 2023, the highest in 2014. Each week is 7 days counted from 1 January (in a leap year, the weeks after 29 February start a day earlier), the last to 31 December.
Table: Each year from January to December, weekly averages
Week so far Weekly average (m), lowest day Weekly average (m), highest day Weekly average (m)Normal range (m)
to no value0.405 m0.676 m0.409 m to 0.978 m
to no value0.413 m0.661 m0.416 m to 0.718 m
to no value0.410 m0.653 m0.413 m to 0.720 m
to no value0.420 m0.658 m0.431 m to 0.731 m
to no value0.435 m0.622 m0.438 m to 0.772 m
to no value0.441 m0.588 m0.450 m to 0.780 m
to no value0.454 m0.552 m0.474 m to 0.962 m
to no value0.476 m0.553 m0.482 m to 0.964 m
to no value0.469 m0.570 m0.498 m to 0.960 m
to no value0.454 m0.573 m0.542 m to 0.970 m
to no value0.448 m0.693 m0.543 m to 1.045 m
to no value0.459 m0.778 m0.659 m to 1.558 m
to no value0.451 m0.698 m0.670 m to 1.630 m
to no value0.551 m0.695 m0.662 m to 1.434 m
to no value0.803 m2.097 m0.632 m to 1.417 m
to no value0.623 m1.741 m0.591 m to 1.969 m
to no value0.512 m1.608 m0.574 m to 1.641 m
to no value0.457 m1.095 m0.541 m to 1.118 m
to no value0.458 m0.890 m0.495 m to 0.942 m
to no value0.463 m0.745 m0.492 m to 0.902 m
to no value0.396 m0.705 m0.444 m to 0.952 m
to no value0.352 m0.809 m0.405 m to 0.934 m
to no value0.290 m0.747 m0.398 m to 0.901 m
to no value0.365 m0.666 m0.450 m to 0.910 m
to no value0.717 m0.724 m0.538 m to 0.897 m
to no value0.529 m0.734 m0.527 m to 0.874 m
to no value0.478 m0.753 m0.493 m to 0.862 m
to no value0.435 m0.661 m0.484 m to 1.026 m
to no value0.437 m0.604 m0.447 m to 1.039 m
to no value0.430 m0.755 m0.449 m to 1.000 m
to no value0.404 m0.748 m0.439 m to 0.986 m
to no value0.393 m0.704 m0.397 m to 0.919 m
to no value0.380 m0.694 m0.379 m to 0.935 m
to no value0.420 m0.693 m0.390 m to 0.934 m
to no value0.453 m0.753 m0.457 m to 0.930 m
to no value0.440 m0.766 m0.459 m to 0.898 m
to 0.400 m0.398 m0.903 m0.439 m to 0.907 m
to 0.344 m0.332 m0.861 m0.436 m to 0.977 m
to 0.296 m0.349 m1.004 m0.488 m to 0.993 m
to 0.340 m0.419 m1.064 m0.508 m to 1.010 m
to 0.345 m0.434 m1.057 m0.506 m to 1.096 m
to 0.401 m0.411 m1.035 m0.530 m to 1.046 m
to no value0.418 m1.048 m0.573 m to 1.061 m
to no value0.436 m1.055 m0.570 m to 1.053 m
to no value0.439 m0.813 m0.567 m to 1.055 m
to no value0.430 m0.857 m0.558 m to 0.886 m
to no value0.423 m0.627 m0.434 m to 0.836 m
to no value0.435 m0.554 m0.434 m to 0.833 m
to no value0.448 m0.546 m0.445 m to 0.886 m
to no value0.458 m0.581 m0.444 m to 0.735 m
to no value0.463 m0.570 m0.450 m to 0.717 m
to no value0.505 m0.578 m0.410 m to 0.701 m
Every year
YearDays with a valueDays below the normal range
to 4848
26733
365290
32346
31221
3470
3450
3657
3632
36616
3654
3651
3651
3602

How it compares

That is below the normal range for the date, in the lowest 5 percent of the daily averages of these dates in the 12 years between 2012 and 2024.

Records

  • Highest daily average in our series since 1 January 2012: 3.074 m on 14 April 2014.
  • Lowest daily average in our series since 1 January 2012: 0.276 m on 8 June 2023.

Also on this water

About this gauge

Ponoka is a gauge on the Battle River in Canada.

It lies at 52.6632° N, 113.5814° W.

Its readings come from the Water Survey of Canada (Environment and Climate Change Canada).

Our readings for this gauge go back to 1 January 2012.

The Water Survey of Canada publishes its real-time readings as preliminary data that it reviews and approves later.

The newest reading is provisional: the source may still correct it.

About these figures

That is below the normal range for the date, in the lowest 10 percent of the daily averages of these dates in the 12 years between 2012 and 2024.

The normal range for 25 October is 0.57 m to 1.06 m: the 10th to 90th percentile of the daily averages from 18 October to 1 November in 12 years between 2012 and 2024.

Keep exploring

Sources